Hand and Wrist Positioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hand and Wrist Positioning - Essay Example The four-view wrist series includes semipronated and semisupinated (reverse) oblique views, Posteroanterior (PA) and PA in ulnar deviation and the three-view hand series includes the semipronated oblique views, PA and Lateral view (Kurtz, 1997). These are the three common positions of X-ray for both the wrist and hand (Kurtz, 1997). The techniques of (PA), Oblique and lateral projections are used to perform the radiography for routine examination of hand and wrist (Dr.Ahmad, 2008; Joseph, 2007) and the best view conventionally according to Dr.Ahmad (2008) is PA projection. The main difference between hand and wrist positioning for the three views are how the fingers are held. In the semipronated oblique view the fingers in hand X-ray are held â€Å"as flat as possible and slightly fanned out† but for wrist, the fingers â€Å"curled under into a loose fit to help press the wrist closer to the film if possible† (Kartz, 1997:1). In the lateral view for hand the positioning of fingers is like an okay sign so that on x-ray each finger is visible and for wrist finger’s position does not matter. In case of Scaphoid the positioning of fingers is similar to that of hand x-ray however â€Å"only one finger is extended so that the finger in question is the only one seen on all three pictures† (Kartz, 1997:1). Bhat, A.K, Kumar, B. and Acharya A. (2011), Radiographic imaging of the wrist, Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, May-Aug, 44(2):186-196, retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193630/. Dr.Ahmad, N. (2008). The twists and turns of hand and wrist x-ray positioning. Auntminnie, X-Ray Patient Positioning Manual. Retrieved from http://cdn.auntminnie.com/user/documents/content_documents/X-Ray_Patient_Positioning_Manual_080402.pdf. Joseph, N. (2004). Film Critique of the Upper Extremity – Part 3: Hand, Wrist. Online Radiography Continuing Education for Radiologic X-ray Technologist. Retrieved

Dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dyslexia - Essay Example Several definitions of dyslexia revealed that reading deficits is the only common symptom among all of them (Doyle 1996), therefore, this paper's scope is focused more on such problems as related to dyslexia. Although varying in approach and interpretation of dyslexia, researches done by Beech (2005), Fisher & DeFries (2002), Habib (2000), Helland, Turid & Asbjornsen (2003), as well as those by Lachmanni & Geyer (2003). Needle, Fawcett & Nicolson (2006), Perry & Rice (1999), Davis & Braun (1995), Sawyer (2006), and Singleton (2005) invariably referred to reading deficit as common symptom of dyslexia. The same is true with those of Vellutino, Fletcher, Snowling, & Scanlon (2004). Although references have been accorded to some researchers of dyslexia, the bulk of these discussions here have been sourced from Gardiola (2001) who has so far covered extensively the history of dyslexia and its genetic etiology or the study of its cause. The paper ends with the hope that with the recent proliferation of theories and studies now, the main genes influencing the development of reading and dyslexia will soon be known. Bright solutions (2007) gives thre... If a child's difficulty with reading could not be explained by low intelligence, poor eye sight, poor hearing, inadequate educational opportunities, or any other problem, then the child must be dyslexic. That definition, however, did nor please parents, teachers, or researchers. Simple and revised definition. Accordingly, the simple definition says dyslexia is an inherited condition that makes it extremely difficult to read, write, and spell in one's native language, despite at least average intelligence. On the other hand, the revised definition from the International Dyslexia Association is that - Dyslexia is a neurologically-based, often familial, disorder which interferes with the acquisition and processing of language. Varying in degrees of severity, it is manifested by difficulties in receptive and expressive language, including phonological processing, in reading, writing, spelling, handwriting, and sometimes in arithmetic. Research definition. Finally, the research definition used by the National Institutes of Health is that - Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge. Organizational definitions. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities